Grow Your Own Hops

Gardeners have been growing hop as an ornamental vine for many years. Recently, I have seen more hop grown in backyards for home brewing. This is especially popular among younger male gardeners aged 18-34.

Hop is a herbaceous perennial vine that grows well in central Illinois. Two types of hop grow here. Our native American hop (Humulus lupulus) comes in various cultivars used to produce different flavors in beer and tea. Do not grow the Japanese hop (Humulus japonicas) because it can be quite invasive. Both have palmate leaves, but the American hop leaf has three lobes, while the Japanese hop has 5-7 lobes.

Both types are vigorous vines requiring good support. American hop vines can grow 20 to 30 feet long in one summer and then die back to the ground each fall. I have American hop growing on a picket fence in my herb garden. Because hop grows so quickly, I continually guide the vines to grow on the fence and not the surrounding plants.

Hop plants produce both male and female flowers. The female cones (also called hops) are used to make beer and tea. The hops are mature when you can see the yellow substance (lupulin glands) within the cone petal. They will also be sticky and have a hop fragrance when crushed. Harvest cones when they feel dry and papery. Dry cones can be stored in air-tight containers or in the freezer. One hops plant will yield about one to two pounds of dried cones in early- to mid-fall.

Brewing craft beers at home is a growing trend. The basic ingredients of beer are water, a starch source such as wheat or barley, a brewer’s yeast, and a flavoring such as hops. I have become a big fan of “hoppy” beer, especially those flavored with citrusy hops. In addition to beer, the female hop cone is also used to make tea. I use my hops as an ingredient in many tea blends.

Nugget and Cascade are popular hop varieties with home brewers. Nugget is considered a bitter hop that stores well, though it is late to mature. Cascade is regarded as an aroma type that matures early with a floral and spicy aroma.

As I mentioned, hop is also grown as an ornamental vine. A favorite variety for this use is ‘Aureus.’ It has maple-like leaves that are a luminous, clear shade of yellow.  

If you decide to grow hop, be careful because it can scratch you! The leaf and leaf petioles have sharp prickles that catch clothing and scrape the skin. I learned the hard way to wear a long sleeved shirt and gloves when pruning and handling this plant.

Obviously, you do not have to be an 18-34-year-old male to grow hops. Whether you grow it as an ornamental vine or to brew beverages, hop is a great addition to many gardens.

Magnolias

In 2003 I planted two magnolias in the front of my house as part of my front foundation planting renovation. Since then, they’re blooms have provided many, many smiles.

Worldwide, there are about 80 different types of magnolias, although only 3 to 4 do well in central Illinois. Magnolias can grow as large trees or in shrub form. They are usually grown for their spectacular spring flowers. Most have showy, fragrant flowers that are white, pink, purple, green, or yellow. The flowers are followed by showy red or pink fruits displaying red, orange, or pink seeds, each of which hangs from the fruit by a thread-like strand.

The magnolias that grow best here are the Saucer, Star, and Cucumber. As with all plants, each of these has been manipulated by the nursery trade into great cultivars with specific characteristics.

The Saucer Magnolia (Magnolia x soulangiana) is one of the most popular magnolias in the landscape. It is known for its showy pinkish purple saucer-like flowers. The regular Saucer Magnolia grows 20 to 30 feet tall by 20 to 30 feet wide in a rounded to broad-rounded form. It is often low branching and multi-stemmed. There are many cultivars of this hybrid species.

One of my magnolias is a yellow form of the Cucumbertree
Magnolia (Magnolia acuminata) called 'Butterflies'. The Butterfly Magnolia has probably the deepest darkest yellow of the yellow magnolias. The 5" across deep yellow flowers are supposed to appear at a much earlier age than other yellow selections - as young as three years old rather than 6-7 years for the ‘Elizabeth’ & ‘Yellow Lantern’. However, my yellow magnolia took 7 years to bloom. The Butterfly Magnolia is only 20’ tall and is more upright in habit, compared to 50 to 80 foot rounded form of the original Cucumbertree.

My white magnolia is a Royal Star (Magnolia stellata 'Royal Star'). The Royal Star is a beautiful, white-flowered selection with four to five-inch flowers that have 25-30 strap-like tepals. This is a very common star magnolia in the trade. It grows 15-20' high in a rounded to slightly broad-rounded form.

All the magnolias listed here are hardy in central Illinois. All prefer full sun and well-drained soil. They are not always tolerant of extreme drought or wetness. The main problem all magnolias encounter here is the flower’s cold sensitivity. Flowers that look stunning during the day can become a mass of limp brown petals with just one cold evening. Still the often short-lived flowers are well worth a quick glimpse of their beauty.

Christmas Rose - A Rose by Another Name

What is a Christmas Rose? You might think of roses given at Christmas, a particular china pattern, or a perennial plant called the Christmas Rose or Lenten Rose.

The Christmas and Lenten Roses are Helleborus plants that are said to bloom at Christmas or in the winter. In actuality, they bloom in February or March in our part of the world. Still, they are a joy to see blooming during the gloomy days of winter.

Helleborus plants have dark evergreen, leathery leaves that often stay attractive throughout the winter. If there isn’t good snow cover, they can show browning on the edges during winter. However, a simple pruning out of the old leaves will give way to new healthy leaves in the spring.

These plants flower in very early spring with nodding flowers that are three to four inches wide with five separate sepals. The Lenten rose (Helleborus orientatlis) blooms in purple, pink, or cream, while the Christmas rose (Helleborus niger) flowers are white with pink shading. As the name implies, the Christmas Rose blooms earlier than the Lenten rose.

Plants grow 15 to 18 inches tall and do best in partial to full shade in very organic rich soil. Like other cold growing plants, this plant is not very tolerant of high temperatures. It does best in moist, well-drained soils.

Since these flower so early, you need to place them where you’ll see them every day. Often times early spring blooming plants will bloom without notice if they are put in an area we do not frequent at that time of the year. You might place them outside a window or along a walkway. Mine is near my outdoor hot tub that we use all winter long.

For an even bigger impact, consider planting hellebores beneath a witch hazel tree that also blooms in winter/early spring. You might also add large clumps of Snowdrop bulbs or other early blooming bulbs. Examples of March blooming perennials include Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis), Snowdrops (Galanthus nivalis), Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis) and Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica).

One final note about hellebores is that they are poisonous. In fact, according to the Manual of Herbaceous Ornamental Plants, Helleborus is derived from a Greek word helein that means to injure and hora, which means food. It refers to the bitter tasting leaves and roots which are poisonous when eaten.

Witchhazels Bloom in Winter

Witchhazel is one of the few plants that technically blooms in winter. Depending on the species, it either blooms in early or late winter. Because of this, they are often missed.

Witchhazel (Hamamalis sp.) is a multi-stemmed shrub reaching 6 to 10 feet high and wide. Witchhazel is one of those plants that offer something of interest in each season. During the summer, it has medium to dark green foliage and interesting capsule fruit. Fall brings beautiful leaf colors of golden-yellow, red, or orange depending on the species. Winter is special for this plant becaus
e that is when it flowers. Yellow to red, 4-petaled flowers appear sometime from January through March and are effective for 3 to 4 weeks. To achieve this long bloom-time, the petals roll up on very cold days and avoid freeze damage.

The most commonly grown witchhazel is the Vernal Witchhazel (Hamamelis vernalis). This native shrub offers several desirable ornamental traits. The pungently fragrant flowers are the smallest of all witchhazels, with each petal only about one-half inch long. Flower colors vary from yellow and orange to red and open in January and February. This plant is very adaptable to moist or dry soils and is a great plant for naturalizing.

common witchhazel (Hamamelis virginiana) is usually found as an understory plant in woodlands. It blooms from late fall to early winter. Unfortunately, the flowers are rarely seen because fall foliage color develops as the flowers appear.

In addition to being a beautiful plant, witchhazel also adds ecological diversity to a landscape. Its brittle seeds are a food source for critters such as squirrels. Its low, lateral branches are used by many nesting birds, including wood thrushes and flycatchers. According to research done by Dr. Doug Tallamy from the University of Delaware, this native shrub is a food source for 62 different native butterfly caterpillars.

You may know witchhazel by its by-product, which is used in sweet-smelling lotions, eye-gels, and other skin products.

I plan to add both the common and vernal witchhazel to my landscape in a place that is easily seen for fall and winter viewing. If you want additional winter interest in your garden, consider adding witchhazel. You’ll enjoy it all year long.

Avocadoes are Delicious and Fun

 Avocados are delicious to eat and are fun to grow indoors.

Avocadoes are fruits that grow on tropical trees and are very pretty plants. They have glossy, oblong, pointed leaves. I’ve seen them growing in Southern Florida, California, and in Ecuador.

 Several years ago, on a business trip to San Diego, I visited an avocado orchard. It was very fascinating. The trees grew on steep slopes where migrant laborers climbed the trees to pick the fruit. The trees are only about 20 to 30 feet tall. In California, a tree should produce about three bushels per year under good growing conditions. Trees are not as productive in Florida.

 Avocado is a highly nutritious fruit and has long been a staple food in many parts of tropical America. Besides being rich in carbohydrates and vitamins, it also has more protein than any other fruit.

 I eat avocado toast routinely for breakfast or lunch. I also enjoy avocados made into homemade guacamole. See my recipes below.

 Most avocadoes sold here are Hass types. They are typically shipped when bright green and turn dark when ripe. A ripe avocado should give slightly when gently squeezed.

Avocadoes are very easy to grow from seed and make a nice houseplant. Kids particularly enjoy this plant project.

Start by washing any pulp off the seed. Avocado seeds (pits) are quite large (at least 1 ½ inches across). I put three toothpicks into the pit so that it sits on the rim of a drinking glass, with the broad end of the pit down. Add water until ½ inch covers the pit’s base and replenish any water that evaporates. That’s it. Now wait for it to sprout in 2-3 weeks. When it splits, it is ready to sprout.

 After several leaves and a mass of roots have formed, remove the toothpicks, and bury the lower half of the pit in potting soil in an 8- to 10-inch pot. Place the potted avocado where it will get several hours of sunlight or artificial light each day.

 Typically, avocado trees will grow a few feet tall indoors, depending on the pot size, amount of light, and other factors. Shape the plant by pruning the branches. An avocado tree will grow for many years in the home, but it is unlikely to bear fruit indoors.

Avocado Toast

• Toast 2 slices of bread (I use homemade sourdough bread)
• Cut a ripe avocado in half. Save half for the next day or for guacamole. I use an avocado hugger to keep it fresh.
• Cut the avocado  half into quarter and scoop each onto the toasted bread. Smash with a fork.
• Drizzle olive oil and sprinkle with garlic salt and pepper.
• I usually also add fresh herbs, usually dill, chives, or basil I grow indoors in my aerogarden.

Guacamole

• Cut a ripe avocado in half and place in a bowl. Smash with a fork (or use a food processor for smoother texture).
• Add juice of half a fresh lime and ½ teaspoon chopped garlic clove
• Season with salt and pepper.
• Optional: Add chopped jalapenos, cilantro, tomatoes, or onions/chives
• Stir and serve immediately. It will darken quickly, so plan to eat it all!

Share your favorite avocado recipe in the comments below.

Originally published in Canton Daily Ledger on 11-3-2001

My Spiritual Trek

In August I did a solo yoga retreat in Arizona. As the only guest, I felt safe, pampered, and grounded in a magical location. As is usually the case, the time alone allowed me to relax, reflect, and unwind from the stressors of everyday life. Here is a journal passage from this trip. 

Colorado Stop
Stopped at a State Park in Colorado just past Chimney Rock. I'm on a wildlife viewing trail, under a bridge, where a pergola houses a gentle breeze. As I sit in the coolness of the shady pergola, I sense nature all around me. It is breezy, which helps break up the solar waves of dry, desert heat. I am comfortable. A rocky creek flows next to me. Down the path an expansive concrete bridge presents a sharp contrast to the plants, sand, rocks, and birds around me. Insects buzz around the pergola. I hear birds chirping as they fly past or perch in the nearby aspen and other trees. Sagebrush dots the valley below. All around me in the distance are conifer spotted mountains. Somewhere I hear what might be an animal's call - it is almost French horn-like. 

As I walked the narrow gravel path just past the bridge, I felt the hot sun beating on me. Though I had left the shady pergola, the breeze was still pleasant. The gravel path perched atop a small ridge, with various small shrubs and perennials along it. 

As I sat reflecting, this poem came to me. 

This is my spiritual trek,

A time just for me. 

I'm on a journey.

It's my time to feel whole. 

Yes, I search for Nature's peace,

for its connection to my soul. 

My mind begins to clear.

My body is revived.

I can feel Nature's presence here.

It is slowly seeping in. 

Speaking to me gently.

As if not to overwhelm. 

This is my Right to Act!

The power to be me.

I feel the cosmic energy.

I am grounded, happy, and free. 

Holiday Cactus

Is your holiday cactus ready to bloom? This year my Thanksgiving cactus is in full bloom, just in time for Thanksgiving next week. My Christmas cactus has buds, so it should open during that holiday season. What a delight!

Thanksgiving Cactus

There are many different types of cacti that bloom between Thanksgiving and Easter. Each is appropriately named by the holiday it blooms near. The differences between these plants are found in the leaf edges. Thanksgiving cactus (Sclumbergera truncate) has pointed edges while Christmas cactus (Schlumbergera bridgesii) and Easter cactus (Schlumbergera gaertneri) have round edges. The Thanksgiving cactus is most common, probably because it is easier to get to bloom. They each are available in a variety of flower colors including white, pink, red, and orange.

When purchasing a new plant, look for uniform green growth, and good flower bud set. While “cacti” usually suggest high temperatures and dry air, this is not what these holiday bloomers prefer. Unlike most cacti, these like moist soil and cooler temperatures.

Take care of your flowering cacti much like you would any other houseplant. Give it a cool, sunny window or other location with bright, indirect light. Too much light can cause flower color to fade. Day temperatures of 70^o F and evening temperatures of 60-65^oF are considered ideal. Avoid overwatering during flowering. Do not fertilize when plants are flowering.

Christmas Cactus

Easter Cactus

The secret of getting your holiday cactus to bloom is one of air temperature. All of these cacti require a cool night temperature of about 60^oF to bloom. Long nights are important too for blooming. My parents used to always put theirs in the cool, dark basement to induce flowering. Remember, you must provide the plant a cool location with long nights. Bring it back to a cool, sunny window as soon as buds start to show. Often the Thanksgiving cactus will bloom without manipulating its growing environment, but the others are typically fussier.

If buds start to drop, it may be an indication of one of three things: the plant may need repotting, the temperature may be too high, or the light intensity too low. These plants seldom flower well at temperatures above 70^oF.

If you don’t have a holiday cactus, consider getting one this holiday season. They also make great gifts that, with proper care, will provide beauty for years to come.